Each of the three compartments is named after the two bones that join together within the compartment. They are:
Medial femorotibial compartment (the inside compartment)Lateral femorotibial compartment (the outside compartment)Patellofemoral compartment (the kneecap and femur)
Diagnosis
A physical examination may provide the first indication of which compartment is affected. Your healthcare provider will ask you to stand and to walk. While standing, your healthcare provider will look for any postural irregularity, such as a valgus (knock-kneed) or varus (bow-legged) deformity. There may also be obvious or subtle differences in leg length.
When you are asked to walk, your healthcare provider will observe gait abnormalities, such as limping, shuffling, or being unable to walk. Your healthcare provider also will check for signs of joint laxity and check your range of motion. Your healthcare provider will also observe the knee for joint effusion, palpate the knee when in a flexed position, as well as check for signs of muscle atrophy and skin changes.
Imaging Tests
X-rays may be needed to confirm cartilage loss and joint damage associated with the abnormalities observed during your physical examination. On X-ray imaging, cartilage loss will be visualized as a narrowing of the joint space. Often, the narrowing will develop unilaterally (on one side).
Knee stiffness in the morning lasting up to 30 minutes Crepitus (a cracking sound or sensation in the knee) Knee tenderness Enlargement of the bony part of the knee Lack of joint warmth seen with other types of arthritis Being 50 or older
Approximately half of all knee osteoarthritis patients have evidence of inner knee cartilage damage (patellofemoral damage) on X-rays.
Conservative Treatment
Treatment options for knee osteoarthritis depend on the severity of joint damage, pain level, and activity level. Before considering surgical options, non-surgical treatments should be considered and possibly tried, including:
Medications: This is traditional treatment, aimed at controlling pain and managing other osteoarthritis symptoms. Drugs to slow disease progression are still lacking. Exercise: Low-impact exercise helps to preserve strength and range of motion of affected joints. Weight management: Carrying extra pounds adds force to your joints as you move. That is exactly the burden you want to avoid with knee osteoarthritis. Topical pain relievers: Topical creams, gels, and ointments provide alternative pain relief for people who have had an inadequate response or cannot tolerate oral medications. Lateral wedge insoles: Special insoles are designed to help reduce pain associated with medial knee osteoarthritis by changing the mechanics of the knee. Viscosupplementation: A series of knee injections with a gel-like substance (hyaluronates) is conditionally used to supplement the properties of synovial fluid in knees affected by osteoarthritis. Intra-articular steroid injections: An injection into the affected knee joint with a corticosteroid medication is performed to reduce inflammation and pain. Dietary supplements: Several supplements are marketed for joint health. While they are generally considered safe, their effectiveness has not been proven. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): This is a small device that directs mild electric pulses to the nerves in or around a painful area. Acupuncture: Various techniques which are used to stimulate specific anatomical points on the body. Pain relief is the goal for people with arthritis.
Surgical Replacement
When conservative treatments yield inadequate results, the next step may be surgery. Arthroscopic debridement or osteotomy may be considered appropriate in certain cases, prior to considering total knee replacement.
When only one knee compartment is involved, your healthcare provider and an orthopedic surgeon may recommend a partial knee replacement, also known as a unicompartmental knee replacement.
Besides a unicompartmental or total knee replacement, there is also a bicompartmental knee replacement. The bicompartmental knee replacement is an option for people with knee osteoarthritis of the medial and patellofemoral compartments.
While the decision to have a partial knee replacement may seem reasonable and straightforward, there are factors to consider. Among the questions to ask your healthcare provider:
How long will it be before the other compartments wear out?Am I at an age where I will likely be faced with revision surgery in the future?Will I be able to maintain normal mobility with a partial knee replacement?
In the end, your healthcare provider will assess the severity of your condition and recommend the best course of action for your individual case.
A Word From Verywell
Most people with knee osteoarthritis have unequal involvement of the three knee compartments. Treatment options, especially surgical options, depend on whether you have unicompartmental, bicompartmental, or tricompartmental knee osteoarthritis.
Knee pain is a common medical complaint that causes people to see their primary healthcare provider for an initial evaluation. An accurate diagnosis is essential for managing knee osteoarthritis. Appropriate treatment follows the diagnosis.
An orthopedic specialist may ultimately be needed to optimize the treatment plan. There are numerous conservative treatments to try. When it is time to consider surgery, find the best orthopedic surgeon available to you.
